hispanic inventors and what they invented hispanic inventors and what they invented

Incuvens patent was published by the United States in 2004, after more than 20 years of research and work by Lvano and his associates. Ellen grew up in the Golden State and attended San Diego State University for a degree in Physics. The field of X-ray optics was greatly expanded after its invention. His field is electrical engineering, and the sensor-studded glove was his doctoral engineering project. Ms. Mar-Spinola received a Bachelor's degree in Chemistry from San Jose State University and a J.D. His legacy is lasting, and his inventions are helping humans have a higher quality of life each day. When not in prison, he was busy filing for USand international patents and even incorporated the International Airship Company in Patterson, New Jersey, presumably to manufacture his Ochoaplane. But perhaps most important of all, September is when National Hispanic Heritage Month begins! By successfully isolating stem cells, Tsukamoto's team opened up a whole realm of possibilities for future medical advancements and cures. ", Born in the Dominican Republic, Hoyma J. Mazara was granted U.S. Patent 7,798,868 for "Electrical Switching Apparatus and Terminal Connector Assembly thereof" and U.S. Patent 7,695,313 for "Electrical Enclosure, and Panel Assembly and Mounting Assembly therefor.". He also developed the three-phase system of electric power transmission. Born in Ecuador, Graciela V.O. President Ronald Reagan expanded it in 1988 to a 30-day period beginning on September 15 and concluding on October 15. It successfully pumped blood through the body of the patient for nearly three days. A later version, shown here, had a framework of steel tubing with wings that he wanted to construct so they could fold back and over the plane so it could be stored in a barn or garage. And, on the 8th of September, 1888, it was launched. In 1881 he received a patent for inventing a method of producing carbon . Benjamin Valles of Chihuahua, Mexico, developed a system and a method for pre-forming cable for promoting adhesion to overmolding sensor body for Delphi Technologies Inc. Although Lvano's invention, the Incuven, regulates temperature and lowers the risk of infection for infants, it was not the first ever developed. Raised in Guatemala, Ahn received his bachelors degree from Duke University and obtained his Ph.D. from Carnegie Mellon University. Often know as Madame C.J. He was the first to transmit the human voice via radio waves, sending a signal from one radio tower to another. 1. Her first trip was a nine-day mission in 1993 to conduct atmospheric and solar studies from the space shuttle Discovery, which you can visit at the Smithsonians Udvar-Hazy Center. Ochoa also invented the Ochoaplane and the adjustable wrench. He studied medicine at the University of Munich, where he received his summa cum laude in 1944. And so, on to the main event. Before Ochoa was born, her family, originally from Mexico, relocated to California, where she was born and raised. However, it is essential to note that the term "Hispanic" is very nebulous, with many interpretations, including conflicting official definitions from the U.S. Census and other "official" sources. Carl Djerassi, George Rosenkranz, and Luis Miramontes were granted US patent 2,744,122 for "oral contraceptives" on May 1, 1956. For now, I would like to share a few intriguing stories, primarily of people who have been documented at the Lemelson Centerso far. First African-American female physician to receive a patent for a medical invention; inventions relate to cataract surgery and include the Laserphaco Probe, which revolutionized the industry in the 1980s, and an ultrasound technique for treatment. Paper-bag-making machine. Mary Bellis covered inventions and inventors for ThoughtCo for 18 years. The following are some of the most notable and important Hispanic inventors. In 1991, Ann Tsukamoto and her team patented a discovery that would change the medical field forever stem cell transplants. Im not a robot test or Captcha codes are the jumbled letters that users are required to match before entering a website. Left: Victor Leaton Ochoa, inventor and Mexican revolutionary, undated, AC0590-0000008. She was the third Mexican-American woman to earn a doctorate in the sciences in the U.S. Born in Nicaragua, Fernando Torres has four patents, including U.S. Patent 8,478,341 for "Automatic Selection of SIM Cards in Mobile Devices. It was described as a mechanical, electric, and air-pressure driven method for reading books. Although patented, Robless creation did not get the funding it needed to succeed, putting her among many on a list of lesser-known female inventors. This is a kind of irregular combat where a small . At the age of 17, he invented and patented his "chromoscopic adapter for television equipment.". Biography of Alexander Graham Bell, Inventor of the Telephone, Inventor Samuel Crompton and His Spinning Mule, Important Innovations and Inventions, Past and Present, Biography of Thomas Adams, American Inventor, May Calendar of Famous Inventions and Birthdays, The Most Impactful Inventions of the Last 300 Years, Mechanical Television History and John Baird, Black History Month - African American Patent Holders - B, August Calendar of Famous Inventions and Birthdays, Elephant Toothpaste Chemistry Demonstration, September Calendar of Famous Inventions and Birthdays. Liotta was the author of numerous scientific articles and books, including volumes on medical humanism written in both English and Spanish. Walker (December 23, 1867-May 25, 1919) Smith Collection / Gado / Getty Images. He continued to study and teach privately until his death in London in July of 1906 at the age of 101. The first publicly-announced color broadcast in Mexico . According to theSmithsonian Institution, Ellen Ochoa was the first Hispanic woman astronaut. As impressive as this was, the submarine's absence of a double hull and a diesel engine only limited its use to coastal actions. She's written countless articles on health and wellness and contributed to the book "The Handmaid Mama" by Mary Helen Leonard as a prenatal yoga expert. Following the interview, Pezuela y Lobo agreed to support Peral's initial research in Cdiz with a 5,000 peseta budget before starting a project to construct a full-scale submarine boat. She was born Sarah Breedlove on 12/23/1867 in Delta Louisiana. The first permanent artificial heart was invented in Utahfind out the most famous invention from your state. Baez was a Ph.D. student at Stanford University in the 1940s when he and Kirkpatrick developed grazing incidence reflective optics for the examination of living cells. [18] [19] [20] Beard, Andrew. There, she created three inventions that improved the speed and effectiveness of how computers handle information. That honor for the earliest incubator ever developed goes to a device created in 1800s France. Victor Ochoa with his folding wing plane (wings folded), circa 1933. Courtesy of a Fulbright scholarship, he came to the USto earn a PhD in electrical engineering at George Washington University, where he received two USPatents (7,565,295 and 8,140,339) both for a method and apparatus for translating hand gestures for the AcceleGlove. ", Born in Panam, Alberto P. Herrera and Sebastian A. Vieto were granted U.S. Patent 4,195,080 for "Insecticidal Use of Orange Juice Essence Oil.". The first oral contraceptive, tradename Norinyl, was manufactured by Syntex Corp. Victor Celorio patented the "Instabook Maker" a technology supporting e-book distribution by quickly and elegantly printing an offline copy. Baez was a Ph.D. student at Stanford University in the 1940s when he . Jose Hernandez-Rebollar invented the Acceleglove, a glove that can translate sign language into speech. You may not know whatreCAPTCHAis, but you see it almost every time you sign into a new website. He participated in the Apollo Project with NASA and taught at numerous institutions, including MIT, the University of Chicago, and the University of Stockholm. (Originally published by VOXXI as "5 influential inventions by Latinos") Hispanic Heritage Month is coming to an end, and here at VOXXI we wanted to salute the great Latino inventors. Arias later taught seismic engineering at MIT while serving as a visiting professor in 1969. 6. Liotta belonged to several international medical associations throughout his life. In her second patent, 276,364, granted in 1962, she changed the design by eliminating the buttons and replacing them with rotating reels that displayed the topics and study materials. Puebla, Mexico. He was laid to rest on the grounds of the St. Edward's Catholic Church in Sutton Green, Surrey. Like all other human ethnicities, Hispanics have their fair share of great minds and inventors. A decade later, other submarine designs struggled to match its performance, and the Spanish Navy eventually retired the project. Some of the things you have used -and some you haven't- were invented by a Latino and you didn't even know it. Patents, including U.S. Patent 5,971,952 for a "Breast Pump System Using Wall Vacuum Source.". Dr. Ellen Ochoa, a veteran astronaut shown here on the flight deck of the space shuttle Atlantis on April 15, 2002, is currently the 11th director of NASAs Johnson Space Center. Art by Stephany Torres for Remezcla. Ellen studied physics at San Diego State University. Most recently, Villafaa started a new venture, Medical 21, which aims to develop artificial blood vessels as a safer, less invasive alternative for coronary artery bypass graft surgeries. Mario Molina. Dr. Jose Hernandez-Rebollar was born in Puebla, Mexico, on the 14th of July, 1969. Thomas Edison may have invented the electric light bulb, but Latimer helped make it a common feature in American households. Trademarks are property of their respective owner. These inventions have changed the world in the last decade. He also owned several patents in the USA, Argentina, and France. The following year he also published observations of his larynx and vocal cords made with a small dental mirror introduced into the throat and using sunlight reflected by another mirror, becoming the first person to study human vocal folds in action. The information is turned into data that a computer converts into words on a speaker or into text on a screen. After more than 20 years of study and labor by Lvano and his colleagues, the United States granted Lvano's patent. He was also inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 2007. Artificial Heart. Julio Palmaz, a vascular radiologist from Argentina, is credited with advancing the field of angioplasty surgery. He graduated from the University of Puebla with a BSc and an MSc and moved to the U.S. in 1998 after he was awarded a Fulbright scholarship to attend George Washington University in Washington, DC. His early work with controlled drug delivery techniques, particularly his early thoughts on transdermal patches, sparked an increase in a study into innovative drug delivery systems. A . Liotta is not only a gifted heart surgeon, but hes also responsible for creating the first artificial heart used in a human being! It could travel at max speeds of nearly eight knots and hold a crew of 12. In the spirit of "Hispanic Heritage Month," we at IE thought it might be nice to collate some of the greatest inventors and scientists from the diverse and talented wider Hispanic community. In 1981, ALZA collaborated with the Swiss business Ciba-Geigy, and the FDA approved the first scopolamine transdermal delivery system for motion sickness, Transderm-Scop. Argentinian surgeon Domingo Liotta developed the artificial heart in the late 1950s. In honor of National Hispanic Heritage Month (Sept 15-Oct 15), we highlight a few of the Hispanic and Latinx scientists and engineers who made (and are making) important contributions to science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM). The AcceleGlove contains sensors that work with a micro-controller attached to the wearer's arm and maps the movement of the arm and fingers. . The USPTO is currently improving our content to better serve you. Hispanics are among the most widely dispersed and diverse ethnicities in the world. Other inventions he patented in the USincluded: a reversible motor (USPatent718,508), a pen for fountain pens (US Patent825,153), rail magnetic brakes (US Patents867,147 and 873,587), a windmill (US Patent1,319,174), and wrenches (US Patents1,417,196 and 1,454,333). ", National Science Foundation Director France A. Crdova presenting the fiscal year 2017 NSF budget request on February 9, 2016. Two male inventorsCharles Gabriel Pravaz of Scotland and Alexander Wood of Franceindependently created the first fine-needle syringes usable on humans in the early 1850s. The recipient lived for 64 hours with the artificial heart before receiving a real one. October 29, 1991 - Bone Marrow Transplant. Victor Ochoa was the Mexican American inventor of the Ochoaplane. He called it the chromosomic adapter for television equipment. In 1963, he saw his invention succeed with the first color television broadcast. A fury erupted when the Washington Post reported last week that Former Heritage Foundation researcher Jason Richwine argued in his Harvard doctoral dissertation that Hispanics are genetically predisposed to have lower IQs. One such device came from the mind of Emilio Herrera Linares, from Spain. Thats why in the early aughts, Mexican scientist Jos Hernndez-Rebollar invented an electric glove that can turn sign language into spoken words and text. Historically, entrepreneurs have relied on patents to protect their inventions from market competitors. Walker, she manufactured beauty products for other African-American women using formulas she developed after working for a pharmacist who taught her chemistry. Find out how to protect intellectual property in other countries. What exactly do we have to thank him for? Right: The Ochoaplane invented by Victor Ochoa around 1908-1911, undated, AC0590-0000009. The unique egg shape of this sponge-like tool came to Silva during a special effects makeup class when she learned the value of makeup application with different sizes and shapes of beauty tools. Airplane. From 2013 until 2018, Dr. Ochoa served as the director of NASA's Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas. Later, in 2002, Silva was able to capitalize on the product and develop a commercial product that would earn her numerous honors and propel her business to the top of the cosmetics sector. Nikola Tesla, (born July 9/10, 1856, Smiljan, Austrian Empire [now in Croatia]died January 7, 1943, New York, New York, U.S.), Serbian American inventor and engineer who discovered and patented the rotating magnetic field, the basis of most alternating-current machinery. Here are 5 incredible inventions by a . She is a member of the California State Bar, the Federal Circuit Bar, the U.S. Supreme Court Bar, and a licensed Patent Attorney. The 15th of September is noteworthy because it marks the anniversaries of the independence of Nicaragua, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, and Guatemala. Can you describe the problem? He then went back to the University of Chile in the 1980s. 1. Carlos Finlay became famous for his work in identifying the mosquito as a carrier of the deadly yellow fever germ. Claudio Castilln Lvano, an engineer from Peru, developed a portable incubator and respirator for premature infants. He created his . He is best known as the creator of an electrical glove called the "AcceleGlove," which converts American Sign Language hand gestures into spoken and written words. According to the U.S. Patent Office, Claudio Castilln Lvano was granted U.S. Patent 6,884,211 for a "Neonatal Artificial Bubble" that improves the intensive care of high-risk newborns. The primary active component of one of the first birth control pills, which Syntex Laboratories, Inc. later branded as Norinyl, was norethindrone. In 1963, Liotta and E. Stanley Crawford successfully implanted the Left Ventricle Assist Device (LVAD) in surgery. "The Hispanic whirlwind" that's what Ildaura Murillo-Rohde was dubbed for her work as a powerhouse advocate, nurse, therapist, and educator. Victor Ochoa invented an early form of electrical brakes. Victor L. Ochoa Papers, Archives Center, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution. One day, a machine broke in the assembly line, causing some Cheetos to not get dusted with the bright orange cheese powder, so Richard took some home and put chili powder on them. After having her invention stolen by a man who claimed that there was no way a woman could have invented such a . Walker was the first African American woman to become a self-made millionaire after creating a line of hair products geared toward Black hair. In 1790, Jos Antonio de Alzate invented the automatic shutter, which avoids overflowing in water tanks, cisterns and toilets. Today, there are so many ways to celebrate Hispanic Heritage Month! Hispanic-Americans, both immigrants and their descendants, have changed the world through their contributions to science, industry, the arts, sports, and politics on Earth, obviously, but even beyond. The cyber-security technique was established in 2000 while Von Ahn was a Ph.D. student at Carnegie Mellon University. (1941-) is an engineer and inventor. 5. The Beauty blender was developed to save performers from having to be pulled off the set when using an airbrush to apply foundation mid-shoot. Allegedly, the idea of the naturally occurring flow system in a waterfall led him to take his diamond scalpel invention and combine it with an ultramicrotome to significantly improve the ultra-thin sectioning of electron microscopy samples. At the age of 100, he was received at Buckingham Palace by King Edward VII. Ellen Ochoa (1958-present): First Hispanic Woman to Visit The Space; Top 10 Famous Hispanic Scientists #10. Uruguayan entrepreneur and biochemist Alejandro Zaffaroni created a system for drugs to be administered to the body through skin bandages. Mousepad. #11. Attacking Asian innovation. Ruiz Robles was a dedicated teacher and educator who began her career at a time when only 25% of the female population knew how to read and write. While serving as Secretary of Health, he traveled to China and Israel, where he signed agreements with President Ephraim Katzir and Premier Chou En-lai. She also contributed to creating three patents in the field of optics. USPTO - United States Patent and Trademark Office, Hispanic Innovation and Entrepreneurship Program event series, Madrid Protocol & international protection, Checking application status & viewing documents, Checking registration status & viewing documents, Enforcing your trademark rights/trademark litigation, International intergovernmental organizations, Transferring ownership / Assignments help, Office of the Chief Communications Officer. However, the norethindrone version developed by Miramontes' team was approved shortly after and has since become an industry standard. In the 1970s, Zaffaroni was granted patents for transdermal systemic medication delivery. For example, alongside Luis Alvarez, there are at least three other National Inventors Hall of Fame members who are Hispanic: Miguel Angel Ondetti, inducted in 2004 for captopril, the first of a new class of drugs known as angiotensin converting enzyme, or ACE, inhibitors (US Patent4,105,776); Julio Palmaz, inducted in 2006 for the first commercially-successful intravascular stent, known as the Palmaz Stent (US Patent4,733,665); and Alejandro Zaffaroni, inducted in 2012 for transdermal bandages for administering drugs (US Patent3,598,122). Bez worked for and lectured for the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). Ellen Ochoa. . Depending on where you reside, the leaves begin to turn to beautiful yellows, oranges, and reds. Her tool included spoken descriptions of each topic and comprised a sequence of text and drawings on reels, all arranged under a magnifying glass sheet with a light for reading in the dark. The result was the creation of the term "Hispanic", first introduced in the US Census in 1970. Gonzlez Camarena publicly demonstrated his color television with a transmission on August 31, 1946. He . Learn about these trailblazing Hispanic Americans who made history. Ochoa was a revolutionist who sought to overthrow the rule of Mexico's chief executive in the early nineties. We are fortunate to have his papers in the Archives Center at the National Museum of American History. from Santa Clara University, School of Law. A brief listing of notable Black American inventors. In 1790, Jos Antonio de Alzate, a philosopher, priest, theologian, cartographer, historian, naturalist, botanist, geographer and journalist. However, he is most well-known for two significant contributions to modern technologythe reCAPTCHA system and Duolingo. Since 2013, he has been teaching at the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology as the IAS Bank of East Asia . Nevertheless, the University of Knigsberg later awarded him an honorary M.D. With an undergraduate degree in physics and a masters and doctorate in electrical engineering, she served as a researcher at Sandia National Laboratories and NASAs Ames Research Center and is the co-inventor ofthree optics-related USPatents(4,674,824, 4,838,644, and 4,949,389). His invention became famous in its day when opera singer Jenny Lind, who had had vocal damage from overuse in her early 20s, gave him credit for rescuing her career, thanks in part to Garca's groundbreaking device. President Lyndon Johnson established the celebration in 1968 as Hispanic Heritage Week. The Spanish word for a pencil sharpener is el sacapuntas, and the first rendition of this invention was very unlike the one that we use today. Since then Villafaa has continued to be an innovator (with several patents) and a serial entrepreneur, founding another major company, St. Jude Medicalknow for the St. Jude valveas well as ATS Medical and several smaller companies. In honor of National Hispanic Heritage Month, celebrated from Sept. 15 to Oct. 15, we took a look at some of those influential figures who have brought important innovations to a variety of . Occasionally, miracles can occur in neonatal intensive care units, but its developments in technology that have made it easier for premature babies to survive. Here are some of the famous Hispanic inventors . He was only 22 when he introduced his self-built colour TV to the country in 1940, and he was to later come up with a 'trichomatic, field-sequential system' and 'improved chromoscopic . This is a list of inventors and discoverers who are of Spanish origin or otherwise reside in continental Spain or one of the country's oversees territories. Uruguayan-born Zaffaroni moved to the United States to pursue his doctoral degree at the University of Rochester. The development of sign language dates back to the 17th century and has given those with hearing loss the ability to communicate easily. (She created the first, Madam Walker's Wonderful Hair Grower, in 1905.) Then it was up to Spanish-language media to get the word out. Additionally, the date of October 12 also known as Columbus Day or Da de la Raza falls inside this 30-day window. He also filed for additional patents for color television systems in 1960 and 1962. To develop his concepts for controlled medication delivery systems, Zaffaroni established the ALZA Corporation in 1968. Csar Milstein (1927-2002): A Pioneer in the Field of Monoclonal Antibodies #8. Celebrate Albert Bez's invention by using cereal boxes and paper to make x-ray tablets, ripping up paper to make a skeleton arm, or by making . Between 1976 and 1983, he conducted research and taught at the Engineering Institute of the National Autonomous University of Mexico. At the ripe old age of 97, Liotta passed away on the 31st of August, 2022. Isaac_Peral_(Ayuntamiento_de_Cartagena).jpg. This invention helps to save the lives of high-risk babies born before full-term gestation in neonatal intensive care (NICU). The app provides free language education covering 33 languages and serving about 300 million users worldwide according toNBC News. During the Spanish Civil War in 1936, Campos was injured and had to stay in the hospital for a long time. In 1995, he was awarded the National Medal of Technology and has also been inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame. Celorio was born on July 27, 1957, in Mexico City. Bez died of natural causes on the 20th of March 2007 in Redwood City, California. Later, in a test with naval officials, it simulated an attack on a cruiser at night without being spotted and safely returned to port. Please let me know if you have recommendations for additional Hispanic inventors and innovators to include in my database! Born in Honduras, Elena Nuez was granted U.S. Patent 4,935,254 for a "Banana Flavoring Process" and three other related patents. Dr. Liotta developed the organ in 1969 at a hospital in Houston, Texas. Any copies of the burned patents that were obtained from the inventors were given a number as well, ending in 'X' to mark them as part of the destroyed batch. Vice-admiral Pezuela y Lobo, the minister of the Spanish navy, received a letter from him in September 1885. On April 18, 1965 (at the age of 48), he was killed in an automobile accident in Puebla while traveling back from Las Lajas, Veracruz, where he had been examining a television transmitter. Professor Arturo Arias Surez (1923-2003), a civil engineer who taught at the University of Chile, developed a method that made it possible for scientists to calculate the likelihood of damage from a potential earthquake in a specific area. 3. It allows scientists to look at living cells and is still used today. Of course there are many more inventors and innovators who merit further attention. Garca retired from the Royal Academy of Music in 1895 at the age of 90. These are the most ironic inventions ever. 11 Inspiring Famous Hispanic Scientists. Manuel Patricio Rodrguez Garca (1805-1906) was born on the 17th of March, 1805, in either Zafra in the Badajoz Province of Spain or Madrid. Check trademark application status and view all documents associated with an application/registration. Even after his death in 2014, Zaffaronis work continues to live on. The network that would later become Univision released this series of ads calling on "Hispanics" to fill out the 1980 Census. Side note: He is the father of singer Joan Baez. Those early . After spending his early years in Spain, he enlisted in the Spanish navy in 1866. Contrary to popular belief, the norethindrone version of the first birth control pill (Enovid-10) that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved in 1960 was created by a rival. Rea Ann Silva and her now famous invention. He also founded the Venezuelan Institute for Neurological and Brain Studies, the predecessor of the current Venezuelan Institute of Scientific Research (IVIC). Despite the earning potential of a patented product, the disparity gap among patent holders remains high. A laundry operation circa 1925 . The Peral submarine is considered the worlds first electric battery operated submarine. Source. Building engineers can design structures that are better able to resist seismic activity using the Arias Intensity Formula. Guatemalan-born Luis von Ahn is regarded as one of the pioneers of crowdsourcing. Brunel was a popular civil engineer from Britain, responsible for building bridges and also the first major British railway. Every day they scavenge around the junkyard for mechanical parts to turn into new inventions. As of 2004, about 2,800 of the X . His primary invention was the Ochoaplane, created around 1908-1911, which underwent several designs over the years, starting with a simple version mounted on two bicycle frames, with a small motor in between, that weighed only about 250 pounds. Palmaz was admitted to the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 2006. The X-ray reflection microscope was created in 1948 by Paul Kirkpatrick, a Stanford physics professor, and Mexican-American physicist Albert Vinicio Bez (1912-2007). In addition, he was a journalist, writer, union leader, and political activist. She first became interested in optics while a fellowship student at Stanford University. He created the "Instrumental Seismic Intensity" or "Arias Intensity" (AI) method in 1970. Born in California, Elena T. Medo has been granted nine U.S. ", Born in Chile, Luis Alejandro Cavallo Caroca was granted U.S. Design Patent D582,231 for the "Ornamental Design of a Corkscrew" and also U.S. Design Patent D584,122 for the "Ornamental Design of Scissors.". The above are but a small yet significant selection of the many Hispanic people making great strides in various aspects of human life. Jaime Escalante (1930-2010): The Best teacher in North America #9. She went on four missions with NASA, spending 978 hours in outer space. "Top List of Mexican Inventors." These are some of their most notable names and contributions. Material in this article is for general information or entertainment purposes only and was accurate as of the date of first publication. 10 Awesome Latino Inventions. The first time I discovered Dr. Ellen Ochoa (1958-) Mexican-American, who invented Optical Lenses for Space was on Google. Eyeglasses. The"auto shutter Tico". Guillermo Gonzalez Camarena - Invented an early color television transmission system; Luis Von Ahn - Inventor of the anti-spam and web robot captcha As a teacher of vocal pedagogy, Garca was extremely curious about the mechanics of the human voice.